{"id":210976,"date":"2024-05-11T13:02:22","date_gmt":"2024-05-11T17:02:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/?p=210976"},"modified":"2025-02-11T14:02:44","modified_gmt":"2025-02-11T19:02:44","slug":"hospital-window-condensation-thermal-bridging","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/hospital-window-condensation-thermal-bridging\/","title":{"rendered":"Frozen frames: The costly window mistake"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_210977\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-210977\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Photo-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-210977 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Photo-1.jpg\" alt=\"Interior frost buildup on an aluminum window frame due to thermal bridging in a healthcare facility's enclosure system.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Photo-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Photo-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Photo-1-500x375.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Photo-1-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-210977\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Representative Image of ice formation on interior surface of vertical leg of aluminum subsill. <em>Photo courtesy Wiss, Janney, Elstner (WJE) Associates Inc.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Completed in the mid-90s, a multi-story healthcare facility in the northeastern U.S. reported recurring condensation and frost on exposed interior frame and glass surfaces of its existing window assemblies during cold winter periods.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, water damage to the interior gypsum wallboard finish at soffits above the window assemblies occurred repeatedly with early Spring\u2019s notable warming trends. The facility\u2019s vertical enclosure primarily consisted of thermally improved, aluminum-framed storefront systems in punched openings within 127-mm (5-in.) thick architectural precast concrete (APC) panels. Its opaque vertical enclosure\u2019s thermal control layer included foil-faced batt insulation against the APC panels\u2019 interior face.<\/p>\n<p>Further investigation revealed multiple conditions contributing to condensation and\/or ice on interior surfaces of the building\u2019s exterior vertical enclosure components, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The window head and jamb framing members were found to be in direct contact with APC panels, thus short-circuiting the integral thermal break in the storefront assembly. In addition, the continuous extruded aluminum subsill beneath the storefront\u2019s sill member lacked a thermal break and was also in direct contact with the APC panels. This thermal bridging around the storefront assemblies increased the potential for condensation risk along the window assemblies\u2019 perimeter.<\/li>\n<li>Widespread discontinuities in the batt insulation\u2019s foil facer, including untaped seams, punctures, tears, and inadequate termination at floor slabs and window frames, were observed. Further, lack of access prevented installation of foil-faced insulation at spandrel beams below the structural deck above. As the foil-faced insulation serves as an interior air barrier, vapor retarder, and thermal control layer for the APC panel system, its breaches and discontinuities allowed moisture-laden interior air to migrate through and contact the APC panels\u2019 interior surface, leading to condensation and ice formation when the surface temperature dropped below dew point. It was determined the recurring water damage at soffits reported in the early Spring resulted from winter-accumulated ice melting on the APC\u2019s interior surface.<\/li>\n<li>The ambient interior environment was found to remain consistent year-round, maintaining a constant interior dry bulb temperature of approximately 21.1 C (70 F) and relative humidity (RH) above 45 percent. This led to a corresponding dew point above 8.3 C (47 F), which also increased the potential for condensation during colder winter months.<\/li>\n<li>Although linear supply air diffusers were positioned above the windows, they did not cover the window assembly\u2019s full width. Further, with diffusers supplied by variable volume terminal units, the air wash across the plane of the windows was inconsistent, lessening the effectiveness of a uniform air wash across the entire window assembly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In addition to water damage to interior finishes from repeated condensation\/frost on APC panels and window assemblies\u2019 interior surfaces, the accumulation of moisture over time within the interstitial exterior wall cavity (which was hidden from view) resulted in the formation of suspect organic growth on the back of gypsum wall board finishes, batt insulation, and APC panels\u2019 interior surfaces.<\/p>\n<p>Addressing post-construction conditions contributing to condensation in a mission-critical facility can be costly and disruptive. Therefore, it is paramount for the project team to properly understand the function and interrelationships of the exterior enclosure\u2019s components to better ensure the effective control and management of moisture loads anticipated during in-service conditions. This includes proper detailing of the various control layers at interface conditions between adjacent enclosure assemblies to mitigate problematic and\/or incomplete conditions in the enclosure that could affect in-service performance.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Sutterlin_Headshot-f.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-206450 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Sutterlin_Headshot-f.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"90\" \/><\/a>Jeffrey Sutterlin, PE, is an architectural engineer and associate principal with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wje.com\/\">Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates<\/a> (WJE) in Princeton, New Jersey, office. He specializes in investigation and repair of the building enclosure. He can be reached at <a href=\"mailto:jsutterlin@wje.com\">jsutterlin@wje.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/DavidSPatterson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-205119 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/DavidSPatterson.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"90\" \/><\/a>David S. Patterson, AIA, is an architect and senior principal with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wje.com\/\">Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates<\/a> (WJE) in Princeton, New Jersey. He specializes in investigation and repair of the building enclosure. He can be reached at <a href=\"mailto:dpatterson@wje.com\">dpatterson@wje.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em>The opinions expressed in Failures are based on the authors\u2019 experiences and do not necessarily reflect that of <\/em>The Construction Specifier<em> or CSI.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Frost and condensation inside a hospital expose costly thermal bridging issues and moisture control failures.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":820,"featured_media":210977,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,179,187,264,188,279,24],"tags":[66,158,80,9707,1062],"class_list":["post-210976","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-columns","category-masterformat","category-07-00-00-thermal-and-moisture-protection","category-07-20-00-thermal-protection","category-08-00-00-openings","category-08-80-00-glazing","category-failures","tag-building-envelope","tag-condensation","tag-failures-2","tag-moisture-damage","tag-thermal-bridging","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Frozen frames: The costly window mistake - The Construction Specifier<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Recurring 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