{"id":211386,"date":"2024-10-01T15:12:03","date_gmt":"2024-10-01T19:12:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/?p=211386"},"modified":"2025-04-01T15:20:10","modified_gmt":"2025-04-01T19:20:10","slug":"another-brick-in-the-wall","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/another-brick-in-the-wall\/","title":{"rendered":"Another brick in the wall"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_211388\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211388\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Figure-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-211388 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Figure-1-500x375.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up of two brick walls meeting at a corner, showing a contrast between the old, weathered bricks on the left and the newer, uniform bricks on the right.&quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Figure-1-500x375.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Figure-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Figure-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Figure-1.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211388\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: While the wall needs repointing, the calcium silicate face brick (at right) on this 1926 apartment building has performed well after nearly 100 years of service, while the clay common brick (at left) exhibits occasional spalled units. <em>Photos courtesy Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates (WJE)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Not all bricks are created equal, and not all bricks are even created from the same material. While most bricks are made of fired clay, calcium silicate (or sand-lime) bricks are made by mixing lime with silica sand, which is then pressed into the desired shape. The molded units are then cured in a steam autoclave. Calcium silicate bricks are defined under ASTM C73, <em>Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick<\/em> (<em>Sand-Lime Brick<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Calcium silicate bricks were particularly popular in the 1910s and 1920s and remain available in the marketplace today (Figure 1). Unlike clay bricks, which vary in color and may warp during the firing process, calcium silicate bricks are typically very uniform in color and size. While often visually similar to clay masonry units, the material properties of calcium silicate bricks are somewhat different.<\/p>\n<p>Key design considerations include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Absorption\u2014As defined in ASTM C73, Grade SW (severe weathering) calcium silicate bricks are permitted to have a maximum water absorption of 240 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup> (15 lb\/cf), which is similar to the limits defined in ASTM C216 for clay bricks. Calcium silicate bricks typically have moderate absorption; as with clay masonry, thoroughly wetting the bricks as they are laid up or repointed is desirable to ensure a good mortar bond.<\/li>\n<li>Control and expansion joints\u2014Unlike clay masonry, calcium silicate bricks do not experience long-term clay expansion. Therefore, the design of expansion joints does not need to consider any irreversible material expansion. However, control and expansion joints are still required to accommodate cyclical thermal movements, following the same design principles as clay masonry. If a mixture of materials is used in the design, appropriate joints should be included to isolate the different materials, considering the differential movement between calcium silicate and clay units.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211389\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211389\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Figure-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-211389 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Figure-2.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up of a beige brick building with deteriorating bricks and peeling paint above a window, showing signs of wear and structural damage.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Figure-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Figure-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Figure-2-500x334.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Figure-2-768x513.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211389\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: The calcium silicate bricks of this circa 1910 apartment building developed face spalls after the application of a coating.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Coating\u2014Film-forming coatings are generally undesirable with clay masonry, and only highly breathable coatings should be considered. With calcium silicate bricks, surface coatings\u2014including both film-forming coatings and water-repellant sealers\u2014are unnecessary and can be damaging. In a recent project, even a somewhat breathable coating on calcium silicate brick was associated with freeze-thaw damage and face spalling of the bricks (Figure 2).<\/li>\n<li>Cleaning\u2014In new brick masonry construction, cleaning products containing aggressive acids, such as hydrochloric acid, are often used to clean the completed masonry and remove mortar smears from the face of the units. With all masonry, this practice should be avoided to prevent deterioration of mortar, future efflorescence, or deterioration of embedded metal components. It is even more critical to avoid the use of aggressive acidic cleaners with calcium silicate masonry, as these chemicals can dissolve or discolor the brick.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Considering the material\u2019s properties, proper design and installation can ensure the next generation of calcium silicate masonry provides the same durable performance seen in historic structures.<\/p>\n<h2>Author<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Itle_Headshot.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-211387 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Itle_Headshot-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Kenneth Itle, AIA, is an architect and associate principal with Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates (WJE) in Northbrook, Illinois, specializing in historic preservation. He can be reached at kitle@wje.com.<\/p>\n<p>Nikki Byl and Ariel Kousgaard of WJE also contributed to this article.<\/p>\n<p>The opinions expressed in Failures are based on the authors\u2019 experiences and do not necessarily reflect that of <em>The Construction Specifier<\/em> or CSI.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Not all bricks are created equal, and not all bricks are even created from the same material. While most bricks are made of fired clay, calcium silicate (or sand-lime) bricks are made by mixing lime with silica sand, which is then pressed into the desired shape. The molded units are then cured in a steam&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/another-brick-in-the-wall\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Another brick in the wall<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34186,"featured_media":211390,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,24],"tags":[96],"class_list":["post-211386","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-columns","category-failures","tag-failure","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Another brick in the wall - The Construction Specifier<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/another-brick-in-the-wall\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Another brick in the wall - The Construction Specifier\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Not all bricks are created equal, and not all bricks are even created from the same material. 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