{"id":63892,"date":"2018-06-18T09:01:12","date_gmt":"2018-06-18T13:01:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/?p=63892"},"modified":"2018-07-19T08:44:45","modified_gmt":"2018-07-19T12:44:45","slug":"brick-more-to-be-revealed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/brick-more-to-be-revealed\/","title":{"rendered":"Brick: More to be revealed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-569 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/slaton.jpg\" alt=\"slaton\" width=\"100\" height=\"104\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-571 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/patterson.jpg\" alt=\"patterson\" width=\"100\" height=\"104\" \/> <span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #808080;\">FAILURES<\/span><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Deborah Slaton and David S. Patterson, AIA<br \/>\n<\/strong>The multicolored exterior brick masonry on a 1920s commercial structure exhibited various patterns of distress. The building is located\u00a0in an area with extensive rainfall and a mild climate. Deterioration included fine cracks in the face of the brick, some larger ones extending through bricks and mortar joints, and surface erosion of few bricks (especially the red\/orange colored-brick), as well as mortar deterioration and evidence of past repointing and other repairs.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_63898\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-63898\" style=\"width: 268px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Photo-1-failure.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-63898\" src=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Photo-1-failure.jpg\" alt=\"The exterior brick masonry exhibits surface erosion of the red\/orange brick, revealing the unusual internal structure. The mortar is relatively hard and projects above the eroded surface of the adjacent brick units. Photos \u00a9 David Patterson and Hugh Hou of WJE\" width=\"268\" height=\"201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Photo-1-failure.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Photo-1-failure-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Photo-1-failure-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Photo-1-failure-500x375.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-63898\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The exterior brick masonry exhibits surface erosion of the red\/orange brick, revealing the unusual internal structure. The mortar is relatively hard and projects above the eroded surface of the adjacent brick units. <\/span><br \/><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Photos \u00a9 David Patterson and Hugh Hou of WJE<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As viewed from the exterior, individual bricks had a pattern found on past projects to be characteristic of uneven firing, with the center of the brick surface distinguished in color from the perimeter. Individual brick samples were removed at an inspection opening location to expose the underlying construction. The interior face of a brick cut lengthwise before it was originally installed in the wall revealed distinctive striations similar to a flow pattern. When viewed at the end of the brick, a swirled pattern was evident.<\/p>\n<p>To understand the reasons for the pattern observed at the interior of the brick, petrographic studies were conducted. Sawn and thin sections of selected brick were prepared and viewed under microscopes, confirming incomplete mixing likely occurred during fabrication. The thin orange-red and gray layers are consistent with use of raw materials from two sources that did not have the same chemical composition; the red color suggests the presence of iron oxide (Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>) and the gray color is consistent with less iron and possibly more calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3<\/sub>). The brick is also highly porous, exhibiting some interconnected macro-pores (compaction voids), helping to explain the erosion observed in individual unitsl. Other bricks in the same assembly, characterized by different colors and lacking the odd internal texture, did not exhibit the surface erosion seen in the highly porous red\/orange brick.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_63897\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-63897\" style=\"width: 269px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Photo-4-failure.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-63897\" src=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Photo-4-failure.jpg\" alt=\"Photomicrograph of sawn section of brick showing distinctive layers of different materials and angular sand particles included in the brick as filler.\" width=\"269\" height=\"201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Photo-4-failure.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Photo-4-failure-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Photo-4-failure-768x575.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Photo-4-failure-500x374.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 269px) 100vw, 269px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-63897\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Photomicrograph of sawn section of brick showing distinctive layers of different materials and angular sand particles included in the brick as filler.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Although the building is located in a mild climate and has survived for nearly 100 years, continued serviceability of the subject brick is questionable, given ongoing deterioration. Petrographic examination confirmed fabrication deficiencies are likely contributing to surface erosion of the brick.<\/p>\n<p><em>Hugh (Xiaoqiang) Hou, PhD, and L. Brad Shotwell of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates (WJE) contributed to this article.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\">The opinions expressed in Failures are based on the authors\u2019 experiences and do not necessarily reflect those of <em>The Construction Specifier<\/em> or CSI.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>Deborah Slaton is an architectural conservator and principal with Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates (WJE) in Northbrook, Illinois, specializing in historic preservation and materials conservation. She can be reached at <a href=\"mailto:dslaton@wje.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dslaton@wje.com<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>David S. Patterson, AIA, is an architect and senior principal with WJE\u2019s office<\/em><br \/>\n<em> in Princeton, New Jersey. He specializes in investigation and repair of the building envelope. He can be reached at <a href=\"mailto:dpatterson@wje.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dpatterson@wje.com<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The multicolored exterior brick masonry on a 1920s commercial structure exhibited various patterns of distress. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4887,"featured_media":63898,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,24],"tags":[3704,1035,80],"class_list":["post-63892","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-columns","category-failures","tag-04-21-13-brick-masonry","tag-brick","tag-failures-2","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Brick: More to be revealed - The Construction Specifier<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.constructionspecifier.com\/brick-more-to-be-revealed\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Brick: More to be revealed - 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